Organic chemistry is a study of carbon compound . Carbon has a tendency to form more compounds with itself and other atoms (H-Hydrogen, O-Oxygen, N-Nitrogen, S-Sulphur and X-Halogens) than any other elements. The tendency of an atom to forms a self-linking of bonds with the atoms of the same element is said to be catenation. The high strength of C-C bond is manage for its catenation property. The word 'organic' means living organisms. Organic compounds are found only in the living organs. The basic unit of cell to living things, creates, consumes, and consists of mainly organic compounds. the genetic material, thelipid, DNA, that forms our cell membrane and the glycogen the energy reserve stored in the liver are all organic compounds. Except few inorganic compounds like that salt, water etc... all others such as food, fuel, clothing, cosmetics, medicine etc are compounds of carbon. All the essential biochemical reactions are also organic in nature leading to the fomation various essential bio-organic molecules such as lipoprotein, phospolipid, glycolipid.
Synthesis of methane by Berthlot, acetic acid by Kolbe confirmed that organic compounds can be synthesized in laboratory. Since that millions of organic compounds are synthesised and characterised. The field of organic chemistry is very vast and its principles find applications in many industries including food, textile, pertrochemical, dye, polymers, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, fetilizers etc... Discuss the importance of organic chemistry is just like that describe a drop of water in a mighty ocean. chemical bonding and molecular structure will help in understanding the properties of organic compounds. the carbon has 4 valence electrons and its ground state of electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p2. An atom can attain noble gas electronic configuration either by sharing of electrons or transferring. It is not possible for the carbon to form either C4- or C4+ ions to attain the nearest to the noble gas configuration. it requires large amount of energy. This implies that carbon cannot forms ionic bond. In all compounds of carbon contains 4 covalent bonds.
The formation
of 4 covalent bonds can be explained
as below. During the bond formation, one of the electrons from 2s orbital is
promoted to the 2pz orbitals. The formation of 4 σ bonds by carbon can be
explained on the basis of SP3 hybridisation of carbon. Carbon forms multiple
( = and ≡ ) bonds in certain compounds. These are explained by sp2
and sp hybridisation of carbon. The carbon forms relatively short bonds which
enable the lateral overlap of unhybrid 2p orbitals of sp2 and sp hybrid carbon to form 1 and 2 pi bonds respectively. Molecular stucture can be
derived from the type of hybridisation. An sp3 hybridised carbon will have a
tetrahedral geometrical shape a sp2 hybridised carbon will have trigonal planar
geometrical shape. and sp hybridised carbon will have a linear geometrical shape
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